What is the difference between tonalin cla and myo leptin cla

Various vegetable oils used as placebo in clinical studies with their polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA content including LA. The clinical studies with CLA lack a common protocol for selecting the subjects. Description of the subjects including gender and age, medical treatments given prior to intervention are the critical factors to be considered while selecting the subjects.

Medical history of the subjects should also be recorded before concluding the safety and efficacy concerns of CLA consumption. In most of the studies, the subjects selected were categorized and designated as normal, healthy obese, with metabolic syndrome, with insulin resistance, etc. This arbitrary classification for the convenience of the investigator poses a question i. Is it with the designation normal, obese, immune-compromised subjects with metabolic syndrome or with other diseases?

Another factor to be considered in clinical studies is the continental, racial and gender differences among the subjects; for instance, literature shows that most of the clinical studies on CLA were performed in North America and Europe. The reproducibility of such results in racially and continently separated populations all over the world, especially in Asia, Africa and South America is another point of concern, which has to be verified before accepting the nutritional status of CLA in modulating biological functions.

Other factors of concern are the composition, dosage and duration of CLA consumption. Generally, human studies use a CLA mixture about of 9- and CLAs; and proportion of CLA isomers depends mainly on the nature of substrate, mode of synthesis production , physico-chemical parameters involved in synthesis, and purification strategies adopted [ , ].

Most of clinical studies evaluated the effects of CLA consumption for a short period, usually of 4—12 wk. But Gaullier et al. Generally, in these studies, CLA isomer or mixture dosages varied from 0. The dosage of CLA administration in humans is also very low, compared to animal studies in terms of body weight ; thus the results in pre-clinical animal studies high dose may not be comparable with the real clinical studies. Therefore, CLA dose intake may be considered based on energy percentage.

Two people with the same body weight may have a very different body composition e. Another crucial question is the retention of the so-called good effects for a long time; of course, one might expect that CLA should be consumed as if drugs are taken for chronic diseases.

Unlike in mechanistic in vitro studies, the criss-crossed signaling pathway through which CLA induce its effects has to be elucidated clearly in clinical studies. Moreover, the biological effects of individual CLA isomers, mainly 9- and CLA, their synergistic interactions and even the possible opposition between the isomers have to be unveiled.

Effect of CLA consumption along with various adjuncts is another area of clinical research that has to be studied evidently. Some studies showed the positive health benefits of CLA are related to heart health and body fat reduction on consumption along with calcium, VA, whey proteins and oryzanol [ 49 , 68 , ]. As far as the voluminous literature on CLA is concerned, only a few studies to date examined the effects of CLA in humans in vivo. However, results of these studies do not reflect the dramatic and consistent data demonstrated in animal studies.

Thus, these disappointing results in humans demand more precise experimentations with humans. The interest in CLA research still persists, and hence, many questions related to the safety and efficacy on the consumption CLA have to be answered scientifically.

Hence, it is imperative to critically evaluate and consolidate prominent findings on human consumption of CLA, i. One of the major limitations in human studies is that most of the studies depend only on the blood cells or plasma, and fat deposition. Thus, majority of the clinical studies failed to provide conclusive evidences for the effectiveness of CLA on human health, except for anti-obesitic properties which offered a little hope to prevent body weight regain though fat deposition, nevertheless increased oxidative stress and insulin resistance due to such over-consumption of CLA poses contradictory concerns.

Moreover, age, gender, genetic polymorphism and immune status of the subject, role of other nutrients present in the diet, and extend of absorption of individual isomers to different tissues have to be well addressed during the intervention period — so as to evaluate the safety and efficacy of CLA consumption on human health.

As far as human consumption of CLA is concerned, a definite conclusion for safety and efficacy has not been reached yet. At this context, we strongly recommend the need for more precise and well-designed long-term intervention studies with controlled food intake and activity level to assess the effectiveness of CLA on human health. Moreover, such studies need to be duplicated in other laboratories giving emphasis to men and women, age group, ethnic background, food style, continental and even national uniqueness, cultural and geographic barriers, etc.

In toto , clinical evidences indicate a possible link of supplemental CLA per se toward negative or inconclusive outcomes; thus, inclusion of CLA in the Codex Alimentarius Book of Food — which describes internationally recognized standards of food — may be considered.

Competing interest. SB designed and wrote the manuscript, and contributed substantially to discussion, PP and SS collected literature and structured the reference, FS and AGW edited it with interpretation.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Sailas Benjamin, Email: ni. Priji Prakasan, Email: moc. Sajith Sreedharan, Email: moc. Andre-Denis G Wright, Email: ude.

Friedrich Spener, Email: ta. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Nutr Metab Lond v. Nutr Metab Lond. Published online Feb 3. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author.

Received Nov 20; Accepted Jan This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract This comprehensive review critically evaluates whether supposed health benefits propounded upon human consumption of conjugated linoleic acids CLAs are clinically proven or not. Open in a separate window.

Figure 1. Intervention strategies Clinical studies are generally of two categories: the cross-over and non cross-over parallel or between patients designs; in the former, the subjects are randomized into two groups of which the first receive X e. CLA and body composition Overweight or obesity - one of the typical syndromes of lifestyle diseases - is referred to as the excessive fat accumulation that impacts health.

Effect of CLA on exercise Exercising individuals often add nutritional supplements to their diet to accelerate the increase in muscle mass and strength from heavy resistance-exercise training. CLA as dairy products Apart from a few studies that investigated the effects of CLA supplementation in humans, there were some experiments designed to supplement CLA-enriched dairy products.

Long-term consumption of CLA The question of inconclusive results on efficacy and effectiveness of CLA on body composition and obesity may answer from long-term intervention studies. CLA and cardiovascular health Hyper-triacylglycerolemia and elevated plasma cholesterol are suggested as the major risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardio-vascular diseases CVD , and that blood lipid profile, blood pressure, BMI and blood sugar are generally considered as the indicators of heart health.

Figure 2. Proposed effects of CLA consumption on heart health. CLA and immune function Different studies show that the effects of dietary CLA on immune functions in animal as well as human models are highly variable and inconsistent Table 4. Subjects Dose Duration Observation Reference 17 women 3. CLA vs. CLA and diabetes The life style epidemics, diabetes and obesity are considered as the major causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world; and that obesity and weight gain are associated with an increased risk of diabetes [ ].

Adverse effects of CLA consumption It seems that the use of weight-loss supplements containing 9-CLA, CLA or both as mixture is worrying, because most of the clinical studies presented in the previous sections provide mostly neutral or inconclusive results with very few favorable impacts Table 5. Table 5 Proposed beneficiary and detrimental effects of CLA from clinical studies. Diseases Positive effects Negative effects Obesity Reduced body fat mass Oxidative stress Reduced body mass index Abdominal irritations Reduced body fat percentage Reduced body fat regain Increased lean body mass Improved muscle mass Cardiovascular diseases Improved blood lipid profile Enhanced production of circulatory markers of oxidative stress Reduced total cholesterol Immune disorders Enhanced the levels of protective antibodies Elevated levels of inflammatory markers in circulation Induced lymphocyte proliferation Reduced delayed hypersensitivity responses Cancer Reduced the risks of colorectal, testicular and breast cancers Increased oxidative stress Diabetes Enhanced insulin sensitivity Dysregulation of blood glucose and insulin Insulin resistance Decreased expression of GLUT4.

Oxidative stress Many studies showed increase in the plasma concentration of CLA, which was directly proportional to the quantity of CLA consumed [ 23 , ]. Insulin resistance Insulin resistance is a physiological disorder, under which the cells fail to respond to the normal actions of the hormone insulin, though it is sufficiently produced by the body — this impairment leads to hyperglycemia i.

Irritation of intestinal tract A few studies showed mild irritations of intestinal tract such as irritation [ 60 ], laxative effects and flatulence [ 47 ], gas bloating [ 20 ], indigestion, diarrhea and nausea [ 36 , 48 ] in subjects consumed CLA. Milk fat depression Consumption of commercial CLA reduced the fat content in cows [ ].

Plasma content of CLA Determination of a normal CLA content in the blood plasma could help in estimating if a person consumes satisfactory amounts of CLA with the diet, and thus takes advantage of its potential beneficial effects on health. CLA supplements vs. Selection of the subjects The clinical studies with CLA lack a common protocol for selecting the subjects. Dosage and duration Other factors of concern are the composition, dosage and duration of CLA consumption.

CLA and adjuncts Effect of CLA consumption along with various adjuncts is another area of clinical research that has to be studied evidently. Conclusions As far as the voluminous literature on CLA is concerned, only a few studies to date examined the effects of CLA in humans in vivo. Footnotes Competing interest The authors declare that there exists no conflict of interest.

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