How can obesity cause diabetes

A similar etiology is also responsible for a similar increase in type 1 diabetes. The etiology of type 1 diabetes, according to twin studies, indicates a joint contribution of environmental and genetic factors. However, none of these triggering factors has been shown to be the definitive cause.

The association between type 1 diabetes and weight gain was first investigated by Baum et al 20 in The Baum et al study suggested that there was an association related to overfeeding or to hormonal dysregulation. The authors of this theory suggested that increasing body weight in young age groups increases the risk of developing type 1 diabetes.

There is an inverse relationship between body mass index and age at diagnosis. Furthermore, as young children gain more weight, diabetes can be diagnosed earlier. This is explained by the fact that more weight accelerates insulin resistance, leading to the development of type 1 diabetes in individuals who are predisposed genetically to diabetes. One study conducted in the United States in showed a significant increase in the prevalence of being overweight in children with type 1 diabetes, from To date, the exact mechanism and relationship between type 1 diabetes and obesity remains inconclusive and needs further explanation.

The increased prevalence of obesity these days has drawn attention to the worldwide significance of this problem. Similar trends are being noticed worldwide.

At the start of this century, million people were estimated to have type 2 diabetes, and this figure is expected to increase to million by Both type 2 diabetes and obesity are associated with insulin resistance. Most obese individuals, despite being insulin resistant, do not develop hyperglycemia. Insulin sensitivity fluctuation occurs across the natural life cycle. For example, insulin resistance is noticed during puberty, in pregnancy, and during the aging process.

Adipose tissue affects metabolism by secreting hormones, glycerol, and other substances including leptin, cytokines, adiponectin, and proinflammatory substances, and by releasing NEFAs. In obese individuals, the secretion of these substances will be increased. The cornerstone factor affecting insulin insensitivity is the release of NEFAs. Increased release of NEFAs is observed in type 2 diabetes and in obesity, and it is associated with insulin resistance in both conditions.

Conversely, when the level of plasma NEFA decreases, as in the case with antilipolytic agent use, peripheral insulin uptake and glucose monitoring will be improved. Insulin sensitivity is determined by another critical factor, which is body fat distribution.

Insulin resistance is associated with body mass index at any degree of weight gain. Insulin sensitivity also differs completely in lean individuals because of differences in body fat distribution.

Individuals whose fat distribution is more peripheral have more insulin sensitivity than do individuals whose fat distribution is more central ie, in the abdomen and chest area. Differences in adipose tissue distribution help explain, to some extent, how the metabolic effects of subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat differ. Intra-abdominal fat is more related to the genes that secrete proteins and the specific types of proteins responsible for the production of energy.

Adiponectin secretion by omental adipocytes is larger than the amount secreted by subcutaneous-derived adipocytes. Moreover, the quantity secreted from these omental adipocytes is negatively associated with increased body weight. Furthermore, abdominal fat is considered more lipolytic than subcutaneous fat, and it also does not respond easily to the antilipolytic action of insulin, which makes intra-abdominal fat more important in causing insulin resistance, and thus diabetes.

Marcial et al 29 further explained the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance, inflammation, and the development of diabetes. One of the mechanisms of insulin is its effect as an anabolic hormone that enhances glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle.

This in turn augments protein synthesis inhibiting the process of proteolysis. Insulin resistance is indeed an important factor in disease process. Fat storage and mobilization are other important factors causing insulin resistance. Insulin-resistant individuals, whether slim or fat, have more insulin responses and lower hepatic insulin clearance than those who are insulin sensitive.

If the glucose levels require stability, changes in insulin sensitivity must be matched by a relatively opposite change in circulating insulin levels. Failure of this process to take place results in a deregulation of glucose levels and the development of DM. Despite the fact that NEFAs play a major role in insulin release, the continuous exposure to NEFAs is related to significant malfunction in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion pathways and reduced insulin biosynthesis. The effect of lipotoxic increases in plasma NEFA levels and the rise of glucose levels might produce a more harmful effect known as glucolipotoxicity.

Diabetes and obesity are chronic disorders that are on the rise worldwide. In an obese individual, the amount of NEFA, glycerol, hormones, cytokines, proinflammatory substances, and other substances that are involved in the development of insulin resistance are increased.

Gaining weight in early life is associated with the development of type 1 diabetes. New approaches in managing and preventing diabetes in obese individuals must be studied and investigated based on these facts. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.

Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. Published online Dec 4. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. Mandal, M. Obesity and Blood Pressure.

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Eventually, the pancreas can wear out from working so hard and might not be able to make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels within a normal range. At this point, a person has type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance gets better with a combination of weight loss and exercise. For people with type 2 diabetes, getting to a healthy weight and exercising regularly makes it easier to reach target blood sugar levels.

And, in some cases, the body's ability to control blood sugar may even return to normal. Insulin resistance can happen in people without diabetes, but it puts them at a higher risk for developing the disease. For overweight people without type 2 diabetes, losing weight and exercising can cut their risk of developing the disease.

When kids with diabetes reach and maintain a healthy weight , they feel better and have more energy. Their diabetes symptoms decrease and their blood sugar levels are better controlled. They also may be less likely to develop complications from diabetes, like heart disease. Doctors use body mass index BMI to determine if a person's weight is healthy. If your doctor recommends that your child lose weight to control diabetes, a weight management plan can hel.

Even if your child's BMI is in the healthy range, the doctor can help you come up with a healthy meal and exercise plan. Your emotional support is an important part of helping your child get to a healthy weight.

Overweight kids can have low self-esteem or feel guilty. Try to stay positive and talk about being "healthy" rather than use terms like "fat" or "thin.

And remember that kids pick up on parental attitudes and actions about weight and eating — after all, you buy the food and cook the meals.